Service preferences among postpartum women (non-)affected by different types of intimate partner violence: insights from the cross-sectional study INVITE | BMC Public Health
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). Violence against Women: an EU-wide survey. Publications Office of the European Union Luxembourg. 2014.
Jewkes R, Fulu E, Tabassam Naved R, Chirwa E, Dunkle K, Haardörfer R, et al. Women’s and men’s reports of past-year prevalence of intimate partner violence and rape and women’s risk factors for intimate partner violence: A multicountry cross-sectional study in Asia and the Pacific. PLoS Med. 2017;14(9):e1002381.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Understanding and Addressing Violence Against Women: Intimate Partner Violence. World Health Organization 2012 [cited 2023 Feb 22]. Available from: URL: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241593512.
Jud A, Grafe B, Meshkova K, Kavemann B, Meysen T, Hoffmann U, et al. Prevalence and Predictors of Affirmations of Intimate Partner Violence in Germany: A First Nationwide Study on Victimization in Women and Men. J Interpers Violence. 2023;38(1–2):NP1473–93.
Google Scholar
Mojahed A, Alaidarous N, Kopp M, Pogarell A, Thiel F, Garthus-Niegel S. Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Among Intimate Partners During the Perinatal Period: A Narrative Literature Review. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:601236.
Google Scholar
White SJ, Sin J, Sweeney A, Salisbury T, Wahlich C, Montesinos Guevara CM, Gillard S, Brett E, Allwright L, Iqbal N, Khan A, Perot C, Marks J, Mantovani N. Global Prevalence andMental Health Outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence Among Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2024;25(1):494–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231155529.
Baer J, Kruber A, Weller K, Seedorf W, Bathke G-W, Voß, H.-J. Viktimisierungsstudie Sachsen (VisSa): Studie zur Betroffenheit von Frauen durch sexualisierte Gewalt, häusliche/partnerschaftliche Gewalt und Stalking. Merseburg; 2023.
Bauleni EM, Hooker L, Vally HP, Taft A. Intimate-partner violence and reproductive decision-making by women attending Victorian Maternal- and Child-Health services: a cross-sectional study. Aust. J. Prim. Health 2018; 24(5):422–7. Available from: URL: https://www.publish.csiro.au/py/py17183.
Brownridge DA, Taillieu TL, Tyler KA, Tiwari A, Ko LC, Santos SC. Pregnancy and intimate partner violence: risk factors, severity, and health effects. Violence Against Women. 2011;17(7):858–81.
Google Scholar
Faisal-Cury A, Menezes PR, d’Oliveira AFPL, Schraiber LB, Lopes CS. Temporal relationship between intimate partner violence and postpartum depression in a sample of low income women. Matern Child Health J 2013; 17(7):1297–303. Available from: URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10995-012-1127-3.
Stylianou AM. Economic Abuse Within Intimate Partner Violence: A Review of the Literature. Violence and Victims. [cited 2023 Mar 8]; (33). Available from: URL. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.33.1.3.
Google Scholar
García-Moreno C, Pallitto C, Devries K, Stöckl H, Watts C, Abrahams N. Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.
Loxton D, Dolja-Gore X, Anderson AE, Townsend N. Intimate partner violence adversely impacts health over 16 years and across generations: A longitudinal cohort study. PLOS ONE 2017; 12(6):e0178138. Available from: URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0178138.
Nnawulezi N, Godsay S, Sullivan CM, Marcus S, Hacskaylo M. The influence of low-barrier and voluntary service policies on survivor empowerment in a domestic violence housing organization. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2018;88(6):670–80.
Google Scholar
Rivas C, Ramsay J, Sadowski L, Davidson LL, Dunnes D, Eldridge S, et al. Advocacy Interventions to Reduce or Eliminate Violence and Promote the Physical and Psychosocial Well-Being of Women who Experience Intimate Partner Abuse: A Systematic Review. Campbell Syst Rev. 2016;12(1):1–202.
Google Scholar
Bennett L, O’Brien P. Effects of coordinated services for drug-abusing women who are victims of intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women. 2007;13(4):395–411.
Google Scholar
Wright EN, Anderson J, Phillips K, Miyamoto S. Help-Seeking and Barriers to Care in Intimate Partner Sexual Violence: A Systematic Review. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2022;23(5):1510–28.
Google Scholar
Djikanović B, Lo Wong SF, Jansen HAFM, Koso S, Simić S, Otasević S, et al. Help-seeking behaviour of Serbian women who experienced intimate partner violence. Fam Pract. 2012;29(2):189–95.
Google Scholar
Andersen RM. Revisiting the Behavioral Model and Access to Medical Care: Does it Matter? Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1995; 36(1):1. Available from: URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2137284.
Liang B, Goodman L, Tummala-Narra P, Weintraub S. A theoretical framework for understanding help-seeking processes among survivors of intimate partner violence. Am J Community Psychol. 2005;36(1–2):71–84.
Google Scholar
Seefeld L, Mojahed A, Thiel F, Schellong J, Garthus-Niegel S. Preferences and Barriers to Counseling for and Treatment of Intimate Partner Violence, Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Postpartum Women: Study Protocol of the Cross-Sectional Study INVITE. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:836350.
Google Scholar
Devoe ER, Smith EL. Don’t Take My Kids. J Emot Abus. 2003;3(3–4):277–94.
Google Scholar
Wolf ME, Ly U, Hobart MA, Kernic MA. Barriers to Seeking Police Help for Intimate Partner Violence. J Fam Violence 2003; 18(2):121–9. Available from: URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/a:1022893231951.
Evans MA, Feder GS. Help-seeking amongst women survivors of domestic violence: a qualitative study of pathways towards formal and informal support. Health Expect. 2016;19(1):62–73.
Google Scholar
Rhodes KV, Cerulli C, Dichter ME, Kothari CL, Barg FK. “I Didn’t Want To Put Them Through That”: The Influence Of Children on Victim Decision-making in Intimate Partner Violence Cases. J Fam Viol. 2010;25(5):485–93.
Google Scholar
Ahmad F, Driver N, McNally MJ, Stewart DE. “Why doesn’t she seek help for partner abuse?” An exploratory study with South Asian immigrant women. Soc Sci Med 2009; 69(4):613–22. Available from: URL: https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0277953609003712?token=39261A3C92389E909A0721ED777469C754170CEB666922F0D1E881BC2B8A636ECBCEFD706B9CE48DEFD3661BE1819781&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20230329132024.
Beaulaurier RL, Seff LR, Newman FL, Dunlop BD. Internal barriers to help seeking for middle-aged and older women who experience intimate partner violence. J Elder Abuse Negl. 2005;17(3):53–74.
Google Scholar
Finfgeld-Connett D, Johnson ED. Abused South asian women in westernized countries and their experiences seeking help. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2013;34(12):863–73.
Google Scholar
Khelaifat N. Seen but seldom heard: The healthcare experiences and needs of migrant women affected by domestic violence and abuse. University of Bristol; 2019. Available from: URL: https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/199923553/khelaifat.pdf.
Tavrow P, Azucar D, Huynh D, Yoo C, Di Liang, Pathomrit W et al. Encouraging Asian Immigrant Women to Disclose Intimate Partner Violence in Primary Care Settings. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 29]; (37):5626–48. Available from: URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/0886260520959642.
Allen-Leap M, Hooker L, Wild K, Wilson IM, Pokharel B, Taft A. Seeking Help From Primary Health-Care Providers in High-Income Countries: A Scoping Review of the Experiences of Migrant and Refugee Survivors of Domestic Violence. Trauma Violence Abuse 2022;24(5): 3715–31. Available from: URL: .
García-Moreno C, Hegarty K, d´Oliveira, Ana, F.,L., Koziol-Maclain J, Colombini M, Feder GS. The health-systems response to violence against women. The Lancet 2015; (385):1567–79. Available from: URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61837-7.
Ravi, K. E., Robinson, S. R., Schrag RV. Facilitators of formal help-seeking for adult survivors of IPV in the United States: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 2022; 23(5):1420–36. Available from: URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838021995954.
Kim E, Hogge I. Intimate Partner Violence among Asian Indian Women in the United States: Recognition of Abuse and Help-Seeking Attitudes. International Journal of Mental Health 2015. Available from: URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2015.1035073.
Garnweidner-Holme LM, Lukasse M, Solheim M, Henriksen L. Talking about intimate partner violence in multi-cultural antenatal care: a qualitative study of pregnant women’s advice for better communication in South-East Norway. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):123.
Google Scholar
Chang JC, Cluss PA, Ranieri L, Hawker L, Buranosky R, Dado D et al. Health care interventions for intimate partner violence: what women want. Women’s Health Issues 2005; 15(1):21–30. Available from: URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s1049386704000805.
Durán-Martín E, Vives-Cases C, Otero-García L, Castellanos-Torres E, Sanz-Barbero B. Do we have friendly services to meet the needs of young women exposed to intimate partner violence in the Madrid region? Health Expect. 2022;25(3):1058–68.
Google Scholar
Ashley OS, Foshee VA. Adolescent help-seeking for dating violence: Prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and sources of help. Journal of adolescent health 2005; 36(1):25–31. Available from: URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.12.014.
Bonomi AE, Holt VL, Martin DP, Thompson RS. Severity of intimate partner violence and occurrence and frequency of police calls. J Interpers Violence. 2006;21(10):1354–64.
Google Scholar
Coker AL, Smith PH, Bethea L, King MR, McKeown RE. Physical health consequences of physical and psychological intimate partner violence. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9(5):451–7.
Google Scholar
Duterte EE, Bonomi AE, Kernic MA, Schiff MA, Thompson RS, Rivara FP. Correlates of medical and legal help seeking among women reporting intimate partner violence. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2008;17(1):85–95.
Google Scholar
Leone JM, Johnson MP, Cohan CL. Victim Help Seeking: Differences Between Intimate Terrorism and Situational Couple Violence. Fam Relat. 2007;56(5):427–39.
Google Scholar
Macy RJ, Nurius PS, Kernic MA, Holt VL. Battered Women’s Profiles Associated with Service Help-Seeking Efforts: Illuminating Opportunities for Intervention. Soc Work Res. 2005;29(3):137–50.
Google Scholar
Cho H, Huang L. Aspects of Help Seeking among Collegiate Victims of Dating Violence. J Fam Viol 2017; 32(4):409–17. Available from: URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10896-016-9813-3.
Lucea MB, Stockman JK, Mana-Ay M, Bertrand D, Callwood GB, Coverston CR, et al. Factors influencing resource use by African American and African Caribbean women disclosing intimate partner violence. J Interpers Violence. 2013;28(8):1617–41.
Google Scholar
Howard A, Riger S, Campbell R, Wasco S. Counseling services for battered women: A comparison of outcomes for physical and sexual assault survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2003; 18(7):717–34. Available from: URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0886260503253230.
Emenzue C. Digital or Digitally Delivered Responses to Domestic and Intimate Partner Violence During COVID-19. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 2020; 6(3). Available from: URL: https://doi.org/10.2196/19831.
MacGregor JCD, Burd C, Mantler T, McLean I, Veenendaal J, Rodger S, Wathen CN, Violence Against Women Services in a Pandemic Research Team (2022). Experiences of Women Accessing Violence Against Women Outreach Services in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Brief Report. J Fam Violence, 1–9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-022-00398-2.
Tarzia L, Cornelio R, Forsdike K, Hegarty K. Women’s Experiences Receiving Support Online for Intimate Partner Violence: How Does it Compare to Face-to-Face Support from a Health Professional? Interact Comput. 2018;30(5):433–43.
Google Scholar
Bacchus LJ, Bullock L, Sharps P, Burnett C, Schminkey DL, Buller AM, et al. Infusing Technology Into Perinatal Home Visitation in the United States for Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence: Exploring the Interpretive Flexibility of an mHealth Intervention. J Med Internet Res. 2016;18(11):e302.
Google Scholar
Burd C, McLean I, MacGregor JCD, Mantler T, Veenendaal J, Wathen CN. “Our services are not the same”: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on care interactions in women’s shelters. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):427.
Google Scholar
Lindsay M, Messing JT, Thaller J, Baldwin A, Clough A, Bloom T, et al. Survivor Feedback on a Safety Decision Aid Smartphone Application for College-Age Women in Abusive Relationships. J Technol Hum Serv. 2013;31(4):368–88.
Google Scholar
Barbara G, Viero A, Pellizzone I, Buggio L, Facchin F, Cattaneo C, et al. Intimate Partner Violence in the COVID-19 Era: A Health, Psychological, Forensic and Legal Perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9):4973.
Google Scholar
Ellsberg M, Heise LA. Researching Violence Against Women: Practical Guide for Researchers and Activists. Geneva; 2005. Available from: URL: https://dspace.ceid.org.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/93/ekutuphane4.1.6.4.pdf?sequence=1&isallowed=y.
Mojahed A, Seefeld L, Schellong J, Garthus-Niegel S. Psychometric properties of the WHO Violence Against Women Instrument in postpartum women: Results from the INVITE study. [Manuscript under review]. 2024.
Simhi M, Sarid O, Cwikel J. Preferences for mental health treatment for post-partum depression among new mothers. Isr J Health Policy Res. 2019;8(1):84.
Google Scholar
Fonseca A, Gorayeb R, Canavarro MC. Women׳s help-seeking behaviours for depressive symptoms during the perinatal period: Socio-demographic and clinical correlates and perceived barriers to seeking professional help. Midwifery 2015; 31(12):1177–85. Available from: URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266613815002466.
McGarry J, Kim H, Sheng X, Egger M, Baksh L. Postpartum depression and help-seeking behavior. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health 2009; 54(1):50–6. Available from: URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s152695230800250x.
Ergöçmen BA, Yüksel-Kaptanoğlu İ, Jansen HAFMH. Intimate partner violence and the relation between help-seeking behavior and the severity and frequency of physical violence among women in Turkey. Violence Against Women. 2013;19(9):1151–74.
Google Scholar
Ateş C, Kaymaz Ö, Kale HE, Tekindal MA. Comparison of Test Statistics of Nonnormal and Unbalanced Samples for Multivariate Analysis of Variance in terms of Type-I Error Rates. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2019; 2019:2173638. Available from: URL: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2019/2173638/.
Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O’Neal L et al. The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 2019; 95:103208. Available from: URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532046419301261.
Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)–a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377–81.
Google Scholar
Hegarty K, Addison M, Baloch S, Diemer K, Hameed M, Kyei-Onanjiri M et al. “I just felt like I was running around in a circle”: Listening to the voices of victims and perpetrators to transform responses to intimate partner violence. Sydney, New South Wales: Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety (ANROWS); 2022.
Dias NG, Ribeiro AI, Henriques A, Soares J, Hatzidimitriadou E, Ioannidi-Kapolou E, et al. Intimate Partner Violence and Use of Primary and Emergency Care: The Role of Informal Social Support. Health Soc Work. 2020;45(2):91–100.
Google Scholar
Goodman L, Dutton MA, Weinfurt K, Cook S. The intimate partner violence strategies index: Development and application. Violence Against Women 2003:163–86. Available from: URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077801202239004.
Goodson A, Hayes BE. Help-Seeking Behaviors of Intimate Partner Violence Victims: A Cross-National Analysis in Developing Nations. J Interpers Violence. 2021;36(9–10):4705.
Google Scholar
Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend, editors. Bericht der Bundesregierung zur Situation der Frauenhäuser, Fachberatungsstellen und anderer Unterstützungsangebote für gewaltbetroffene Frauen und deren Kinder. Berlin; 2013 (Bundesdrucksache 17/10500).
BAFzA. Hilfetelefon “Gewalt gegen Frauen”: Jahresbericht 2023 2023 [cited 2024 Oct 3]. Available from: URL: https://www.hilfetelefon.de/fileadmin/content/04_Materialien/1_Materialien_Bestellen/Jahresberichte/2023/BAFzA_Hilfetelefon_Gewalt_gegen_Frauen_Jahresbericht_2023_bf.pdf.
Bonomi AE, Anderson ML, Rivara FP, Thompson RS. Health care utilization and costs associated with physical and nonphysical-only intimate partner violence. Health Serv Res. 2009;44(3):1052–67.
Google Scholar
Hooker L, Versteegh L, Lindgren H, Taft A. Differences in help-seeking behaviours and perceived helpfulness of services between abused and non-abused women: A cross-sectional survey of Australian postpartum women. Health and Social Care in the Community 2019; (28):958–68. Available from: URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12927.
Schellong J, Epple F, Lorenz P, Ritschel G, Croy I, Lenk M et al. Häusliche Gewalt und Partnerschaftsgewalt – eine Herausforderung im Gesundheitssektor. Psychiatr Prax 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 1]; 49(7):359–66. Available from: URL: https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/a-1630-4619.pdf.
Hegarty K, Valpied J, Taft A, Brown SJ, Gold L, Gunn J et al. Two-year follow up of a cluster randomised controlled trial for women experiencing intimate partner violence: effect of screening and family doctor-delivered counselling on quality of life, mental and physical health and abuse exposure. BMJ Open 2020; 10(12):e034295. Available from: URL: https://research.sahmri.org.au/en/publications/two-year-follow-up-of-a-cluster-randomised-controlled-trial-for-w.
Red. Springer Medizin. Häusliche Gewalt während der Pandemie: Studie in Deutschland. MMW Fortschr Med 2020; 162(12):10.
Krugman, S. D., Witting, M. D., Furuno, J. P., Hirshon, J. M., Limcangco, R., Périssé, A. R. S.& Rasch, E. K. Perceptions of Help Resources for Victims of Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2004; 19(7):766–77. Available from: URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260504265621.
Loke AY, Wan MLE, Hayter M. The lived experience of women victims of intimate partner violence. J Clin Nurs. 2012;21(15–16):2336–46.
Google Scholar
Peeren S, McLindon E, Tarzia L. “Counteract the gaslighting” – a thematic analysis of open-ended responses about what women survivors of intimate partner sexual violence need from service providers. BMC Womens Health. 2024;24(1):110.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: Global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women : executive summary. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.
Lagdon S, Armour C, Stringer M. (2014). Adult experience of mental health outcomes as a result of intimate partner violence victimisation: a systematic review. Eur J psychotraumatology. 5:10.3402/ejpt.v5.24794. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.24794.
Chan Y, Chun PR, Chung K. Public Perception and Reporting of Different Kinds of Family Abuse in Hong Kong. J Fam Viol 2008; 23(4):253–63. Available from: URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10896-007-9149-0.
Ruiz-Pérez I, Plazaola-Castaño J, Del Río-Lozano M, Gender Violence Study Group. How do women in Spain deal with an abusive relationship? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health (1979-) 2006; 60(8):706–11. Available from: URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40794026.
Rokach A. The Psychology of Health and Illness. First edition. 024. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge; 1032688971
Sabri B, Huerta J, Alexander KA, St Vil NM, Campbell JC, Callwood GB. Multiple Intimate Partner Violence Experiences: Knowledge, Access, Utilization and Barriers to Utilization of Resources by Women of the African Diaspora. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2015;26(4):1286–303.
Google Scholar
Voth Schrag RJ, Edmond TE. Intimate partner violence, trauma, and mental health need among female community college students. J Am Coll Health. 2018;66(7):702–11.
Google Scholar
O’Mahen HA, Flynn HA. Preferences and perceived barriers to treatment for depression during the perinatal period. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2008;17(8):1301–9.
Google Scholar
Chang JC, Dado D, Schussler S, Hawker L, Holland CL, Burke JG, et al. In person versus computer screening for intimate partner violence among pregnant patients. Patient Educ Couns. 2012;88(3):443–8.
Google Scholar
Black MC, Kresnow M-J, Simon TR, Arias I, Shelley G. Telephone Survey Respondents’ Reactions to Questions Regarding Interpersonal Violence. Violence Vict. 2006;21(4):445–59.
Google Scholar
McNutt LA, Lee R. Intimate partner violence prevalence estimation using telephone surveys: understanding the effect of nonresponse bias. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152(5):438–41.
Google Scholar
Sword W, Busser D, Ganann R, McMillan T, Swinton M. Women’s care-seeking experiences after referral for postpartum depression. Qual Health Res. 2008;18(9):1161–73.
Google Scholar
Kliem S, Baier D, Kröger C. Domestic Violence Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic–A Comparison of Two Representative Population Surveys. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2021;118(27–28):483–4.
Google Scholar
Lotzin A, Flechsenhar A, Garthus-Niegel S, Georg AK, Holl J, von Hülsen L, et al. Häusliche Gewalt und ihre psychischen Folgen während der COVID-19-Pandemie – Zentrale Befunde aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2023;66(8):920–9.
Google Scholar
Ravi KE, Rai A, Schrag RV. Survivors’ Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence and Shelter Utilization During COVID-19. J Fam Violence. 2022;37(6):979–90.
Google Scholar
Glass NE, Clough A, Messing JT, Bloom T, Brown ML, Eden KB, et al. Longitudinal Impact of the myPlan App on Health and Safety Among College Women Experiencing Partner Violence. J Interpers Violence. 2022;37(13–14):NP11436–59.
Google Scholar
Frauenhauskoordinierung e. V. Bundesweite Frauenhaus-Statistik 2022; 2023. Available from: URL:
link